![]() ![]() ![]() Technological solutions designed, investigated, and evaluated in laboratory settings, including clean cookstoves and water filters, offer promising solutions, but seldom deliver expected results when implemented in real-world settings ( Clasen and Smith 2019 Sesan et al. Poor WASH is also associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, including enteric viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogen infections and diarrheal disease, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminth infections ( Clasen et al. 2018), as well as all-cause mortality ( Hystad et al. Observational studies of HAP have consistently shown strong associations with adverse health conditions throughout the life course, including pneumonia, hypertension, and adverse birth outcomes ( Thakur et al. Both HAP and WASH face challenges to underlying assumptions regarding the viability of known interventions to achieve intended and sustained reductions in disease burden. Two environmental risk factors underlie the substantial global disease burden affecting young children and vulnerable populations around the world: household air pollution (HAP) exposure and deficiencies in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). ![]()
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